Chemical Composition of Gum Turpentines of Pines of the United States and Canada

The physical properties and chemical composition of gum turpentines from 40 species of pine indigenous to the United states and Canada are presented. A brief history of research in turpentine chemistry is given along with a discussion of past and present techniques of turpentine distillation. Most of the data presented were obtained in the author’s laboratory over a period of two decades and the original publication of data for individual species is referenced as well as that of other workers. The author discusses several constituents of turpentine found in some species that might be of interest as possible new forest products, such as, delta-3-carene and cadinene hydrochloride. A portion of the paper deals also with the topic of specificity of turpentines within a species, and the quantitative variation of its components found among trees and between locations. The two pines whose turpentines have not as yet been investigated are Pinus arizonica and P. remorata. The former is generally considered to be a variety of P. ponderosa; it grows chiefly in Mexico; the latter is found on the islands off the coast of California.

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