Forces in the Orthogonal Cutting of Rootwood and Stemwood from a Ponderosa Pine Tree

Specimens were cut using a milling machine in which the knife was held in a strain gage dynamometer. Cutting forces did not vary greatly with height in the tree. The coefficient of friction tended to decrease with increasing height in the tree. Differences in the coefficient of friction with differing tool surface roughness indicates possible differences in the basic friction mechanisms acting during the cutting of root-wood and stemwood.

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